Friday, February 25, 2011

767 Update

Following on the heels of yesterday’s Boeing 767 post, the US Air Force yesterday announced that Boeing has been chosen to supply the replacement for the long-serving KC-135 Stratotanker.  Based on the 767-200ER, the new aircraft has been given the C-46 designation – not to be confused with the US Army Air Forces’ Curtiss C-46 Commando of Second World War fame – and the first tankers will be the KC-46A version.

Of course all of this could change if the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), having submitted a tanker version of its Airbus A330, should choose to appeal the decision.

Boeing’s KC-135 Stratotanker has been in US Air Force service since 1957 and though crews usually operate far from the publicity spotlight, their work is crucial to the USAF’s ability to conduct air operations – transport, combat or other activities – on a global scale.  The first examples of the new KC-46A are to be in service no later than 2018 by which time the youngest KC-135 will be well over 50 years old.

The following links are provided for more on the announcement:

Flightglobal

Reuters

US Air Force


(above)  Looks can be deceiving.  This Boeing KC-135R, 59-1502 seen taxiing at Nellis AFB, Nevada in late 2010, is now around 50 years old.  Aircraft and crew hail from Air Education and Training Command’s 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus AFB, Oklahoma.  More specifically, they are assigned to the 54th Air Refueling Squadron which is responsible for the training of KC-135 aircrew.


Thursday, February 24, 2011

A Grand for the 767

There was a time, during the last century, when major achievements of the aeronautical sort were met with considerable public recognition by media of the day.  Such newsworthy events were not limited to aviation ‘firsts’ and record-breaking flights but included the latest technical breakthroughs and industrial advancements by scientists, engineers and other innovators involved in aviation.

Alas, such treatment seems not to be afforded by purveyors of that which passes for news today.  Indeed, it appears that the release of a new video game or the usually self-created tribulations of a so-called celebrity are more worthy of media attention while aviation activities are often covered in little more than a few paragraphs if at all.

On that note, the Boeing Company, producer of prodigious quantities of jet airliners since the first Model 707 entered service with Pan American World Airways in 1958, celebrated an important event this month when the 1,000th Model 767 was completed.  The aircraft, a 767-381ER destined for All Nippon Airways, was rolled out to suitable fanfare on 2 February and flew for the first time on the 15th of this month.

The prototype, 767-200 N767BA, took to the skies for the first time on 26 September 1981 and since then the 767 has appeared in numerous variants.  The vast majority of 767s have been ordered by airlines and to that end the type has appeared in versions of increasingly greater length – and therefore capacity – and longer legs.  The -200 and -200ER (extended range) gave way to the -300 and -300ER and, ultimately, the -400ER.  Specialized 767 freighters, both new-build -300s and conversions of existing -200s, were developed by Boeing for the logistics industry.

Military versions, though built in very limited numbers, have also rolled off the assembly line.  They are in use, though not with any American armed services, as airborne warning and control system (AWACS) platforms and as tankers to refuel other aircraft while airborne.  A tanker/transport version, tailored for use by the US Air Force, has been in the long-running, on-again-off-again competition against the Airbus A330 to replace that service’s fleet of aging Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers.

The 767 has been quite a success for Boeing.  It is only the second wide-body type to be produced in numbers greater than 1,000 and shares that distinction with another Boeing design – the instantly recognizable Model 747.

The following links are provided for more on the rollout of 767 #1,000:

Flightglobal

Reuters


(above)  Though not procured in large numbers, the 767 was the choice of many airlines – both old and new – in eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union in the years following the end of the Cold War in 1989. Aeroflot was, by virtue of its status as an arm of the Soviet Union’s communist government, once the world’s largest airline in terms of fleet size.  However, the airline was not long in adopting Western-built airliners when freedom arrived in late 1991.  Boeing 767-300 series aircraft like this one first entered Aeroflot service in 1994 and 13 have been flown at one time or another since then.  Today the airline flies ten examples.


Monday, February 14, 2011

Airline Mergers or Acquisitions: What’s the Difference and Does It Make a Difference?

The combining of two airlines into one entity is as old as commercial flying itself but such activities have been headline stories in the last few years as large and long-established US carriers become merely names in history books.  Familiar ‘NWA’ (Northwest Airlines) and ‘Continental’ (Continental Airlines) on airliner fuselages are the most recent brands to disappear.

The term ‘merger’ has been bandied about on the internet in reference to any airline get-together but, in reality there are differences between the two types of consolidation.  While the end result may be similar – usually operations under one banner – the paths to that end differ.  A merger brings two firms, usually of roughly equal size and business activity, together to form one company.  From a financial standpoint, it involves the exchange of shares in the merging firms for shares, in some predetermined ratio, in the new entity.

An acquisition, on the other hand, is just that.  One company buys another via cash payment, and sometimes stocks, to the shareholders of the acquired firm.  The purchased firm can be another airline, usually of smaller size, or an airline facing financial difficulties as was the case when American Airlines’ parent – AMR Corporation – bought what was left of Trans World Airlines in 2001.

In any event, US airline consolidation, after decades of relative calm due in no small part to federal government protection, became an almost normal activity in the years following airline deregulation in 1978.  Many were acquisitions of smaller airlines by the so-called ‘legacy’ air carriers – those large companies which had been in existence for decades – in the quest for success through the ‘bigger is better’ philosophy.  More than a few were attempts by the established carriers to stay afloat, or airborne, against the tides of bankruptcy or competition from low-cost carriers and their corporate culture of efficiency and customer service (with a smile).

Does consolidation improve the airline’s bottom line?  Those supporting consolidation use the argument that ‘bigger is better’.  Considerable savings, the thinking goes, can be had by eliminating redundancies in administration and operations and decreasing capacity through a reduction in aircraft and overlapping routes.  However, most airline, air travel and economic experts have been hard-pressed to find the rosy outcomes predicted and some ‘legacy’ airlines have been in and out of bankruptcy even after consolidation with other carriers.  Countering possible savings are the costs of consolidation which include the merging of two sometimes very different corporate cultures, collective bargaining agreements, information/reservation systems, aircraft fleets and workforces of different efficiencies.

Does consolidation benefit the consumer?  If you prefer to travel with one carrier and the new airline’s route system includes destinations or regions previously served by one or the other of the merging companies, then that would certainly be advantageous.  However, apart from business travel, much or all of which is eventually written off at tax time, most folks are more concerned with the cost of getting from Point A to Point B and any savings that might be passed on in the form of reduced ticket prices.  Many who study the industry have come to the not altogether unexpected conclusion that on routes which were previously served primarily by the two consolidating airlines, it is not uncommon for prices to increase.  It would seem that the main influence in keeping prices from rising, at least domestically, is the existence of competition from low-cost carriers – coined a while back as the ‘Southwest effect’ – and those carriers’ 2009 operating costs (per seat mile)* were, when averaged, around 35% less than those of the ‘legacy’ carriers.

For those interested in airline-related numbers, a link to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Airline Data Project is provided: http://web.mit.edu/airlinedata/www/default.html


(above)  Consolidation, North American style.  Airlines tend to disappear following consolidation and, since 2001, seven ‘legacy’ airlines – American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, Trans World, United and US Airways – have been reduced to four.  American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines all integrated smaller companies into their operations while America West Airlines bought the larger US Airways and, for reasons of brand recognition, elected to retain the latter airline’s name.  The registration of this Airbus A319-132, N831AW, on an early-morning approach to Toronto Pearson International Airport in June 2007, is the only indicator that the bird was once part of America West’s fleet.


(above)  Several European airlines- notably Lufthansa/Swiss, Air France/KLM and British Airways/Iberia – have merged in recent years but a different approach has been taken.  With the exception of Swiss International Airlines, all were at one time state-owned, well-protected flag carriers with very good brand recognition and they continue to operate under umbrella groups with their original names today.  Despite the blue paint and abundance of KLM titles, this Boeing 747-406, PH-BFG Guayaquil, seen landing at Toronto in September 2009, displays proof of company ownership by the French corporation Air France-KLM below the dark blue stripe.

Thursday, January 27, 2011

Remembrance Ceremony for Crew of STS-51L Challenger

Tomorrow marks the 25th anniversary of the loss of space shuttle Challenger and her crew 73 seconds after liftoff at Kennedy Space Center on 28 January 1986.

For those interested in attending (short notice I know) the service and ceremony at KSC Visitor Complex, a link to is provided below.

PastPost - Past and Present at Kennedy Space Center

Note: This post was originally published on a now-defunct website in 2010.  However, it is timely given current activities at Kennedy Space Center to get STS-133 Discovery aloft on her last mission before retirement.

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Past and Present at Kennedy Space Center
February 2010

The KSC Visitor Complex, while presenting the public with a look at current NASA space activities, also allows reflection upon past achievements and sacrifices through displays of historic artifacts and memorials at the complex and at the impressive Apollo/Saturn V Center.


(above)  The KSC Visitor Complex is well known for the Rocket Garden - the display of several vintage rockets and capsules - which dominates the area.  Seven rockets, including six that stand as if ready to launch, represent the 'golden age' of space flight from the late 1950s through the 1960s and those vehicles that carried the first American astronauts, satellites and interplanetary probes into space.  They are, from left to right, Mercury-Atlas represented by an Atlas-D, Atlas-Agena A represented by an Atlas-F, Mercury-Redstone, Delta-B, Juno II and Jupiter C.  All of these rockets were based on medium or intermediate range ballistic missiles originally designed for US Army or US Air Force use during the early Cold War years.


(above)  A requirement for a new rocket, designed specifically to launch astronauts and heavy loads into orbit, led to the development of the Saturn series that would culminate in the huge Saturn V forever associated with the Apollo program and the first landing of humans on the surface of the moon in July 1969.  The Saturn V, used for all of the lunar visits, was preceded by the smaller Saturn IB which featured distinctive external alternating kerosene and liquid oxygen fuel tanks.  Saturn IBs, an example of which is seen here on horizontal display in the Rocket Garden, were used for mid-1960s tests during the Apollo program and, in the 1970s, to carry astronauts to the Skylab space station.


(above)  Though the launching of unmanned rockets remains a major part of NASA activities at Kennedy Space Center, the facility has for the last three decades been associated, at least in the public eye, with space shuttle operations.  The Visitor Complex would not be complete without a shuttle and since there are only three in existence and all are in service a full-scale replica of an Orbiter Vehicle must suffice.  This example, wearing the markings of the fictitious Explorer, serves to give visitors an idea of the shuttle's size and the complexity of the protective tile undersurface.


(above)  The Apollo / Saturn V Center, located in another part of Kennedy Space Center but accessible by KSC buses, houses a very impressive collection of displays and original hardware relevant to this famous era of space exploration.  Though the central exhibit is a Saturn V rocket, a special exhibit of some size marks the 40th anniversary of the Apollo XI mission that landed astronauts on the moon for the first time.  Among the items displayed is the Apollo 14 command module, Kitty Hawk, that carried Alan B. Shepard Jr. (Commander), Stuart A. Roosa (Command Module Pilot) and Edgar D. Mitchell (Lunar Module Pilot) into orbit around the moon and returned them to a splashdown in the western Pacific Ocean between 31 January and 9 February 1971.  It was the Command Module Pilot's lot in life to remain in orbit - and out of the media spotlight - while the other two astronauts carried out their tasks on the moon.  However, he was far from unimportant and among his duties was the provision of communications relay services between Mission Control and the astronauts below.


(above)  Current NASA manned space programs, at least as of the beginning of 2010, are represented by this Orion capsule replica.  While it bears a striking resemblance to the Apollo command modules that carried three astronauts four decades ago, Orion is significantly larger and is designed to carry four astronauts initially.  Orion was intended to ride atop Ares I - one of NASA's next generation of rockets.  The Ares family was a result of a shift in policy by the administration of President George W. Bush that was announced in January 2004 and directed NASA to end space shuttle operations in 2010 and plan to return astronauts to the moon by 2020 with the eventual goal of landing humans on Mars.  Unlike the space shuttle however, it seems that the Ares I / Orion combination, which was also to be used to transport astronauts to the International Space Station, will not have a chance to prove itself for an announcement by President Barack Obama on 1 February 2010 in conjunction with his proposed Fiscal Year 2011 budget to the US Congress indicated that the program, known as Constellation, will be ended.  Instead, NASA will subsidize the development of rockets by private sector firms for use in a commercial space transportation system that will carry its astronauts to the ISS.  Until that time, which is an unknown number of years away at this point, NASA's astronauts will have to rely on the rockets of foreign nations to take them there.  Then again, the budget submission is only a request and many in Congress, which ultimately controls the nation's purse strings, appear to have other ideas.  Time will tell.

Wednesday, January 26, 2011

US Naval Air Update



This year looks like one for the books as the US Navy is poised to begin celebrating 100 years of aviation.  The Navy, along with the United States Marine Corps and United States Coast Guard, is giving substantial support to 34 special events.  Known as Centennial Tier 1 Events, all but two are air shows and many of them are tied to Fleet Week, Navy Week or Marine Week celebrations.

The US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron – the renowned Blue Angels – will, as usual, be on the road as headliners at 32 military and civilian air shows and will perform at two other locations.

Follow the links below for schedules:

US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron

Centennial of Naval Aviation Tier 1 Events

Tuesday, January 25, 2011

TSA Employees Courteous and Professional



(above)  Ground crews swing into action as Southwest Airlines Boeing 737-5H4 N510SW comes to a halt at Buffalo Niagara International Airport, New York before continuing on to Kansas City International Airport, Missouri.  The author's passage through new security measures was considerably faster than even Southwest's renowned turnaround times.
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Now there’s a headline that you will almost certainly never see in a newspaper, on the internet or on television.  At least not in today’s world of agenda-driven media.

However, believe it or not, it happened.  True story.  Not the headline but the experience and it happened at a time when the media was playing the ‘privacy’ debate for all it was worth.

The last time that this writer had occasion to fly on an airliner the Transportation Security Administration had just instituted three new measures intended to further reduce the possibility of ‘bad guys’ getting onto commercial aircraft – Secure Flight, full body scans and pat-down inspections.

The Secure Flight program requires that the passenger’s name be submitted when the ticket is purchased.  If you are not on the watch list, your ticket transaction will be completed.  Straightforward and worry-free – if you’re not a ‘bad guy’.  I’ve had many background security checks conducted over the last 30 years so it was not a big deal.

The full body scanner is the latest generation of devices that began with metal detectors and hand-held wands in the 1970s and progressed to the Explosive Trace Portal, or ‘puffer’ which first appeared in 2004.  They were first used at selected American airports in 2008 and produce a head-to-toe image reminiscent of x-rays but without most skeletal features.  It will, however, display denser materials used for weapons or to cover up same.  Stepping onto the pattern footprints, the whole experience was over in much less than a minute.

While waiting for clearance from the geographically-separated viewer of the images, I was subjected to a pat-down.  Why?  Because the pockets of my cargo pants required closer scrutiny.  It was explained to me and the pat-down was quickly completed.  By the time that was done, the OK was given and I was on my way.

The procedures were the same at both airports and in both cases TSA personnel, whether at the ID check station, the x-ray inspection machines or the scanner/pat-down area, were courteous and professional.  The lines moved quickly and, among the passengers, there were no grumblings, complaints or even discussion concerning the new procedures.  Maybe that had to do with their very personal interest in the safe completion of their flights.

There were certainly no incidents of idiots assaulting – verbally or physically – TSA employees or disrobing down to statement-making skimpy bathing suits and underwear.  Such displays, making the 24-hour news in painfully endless reruns, seemingly for weeks, were doubtlessly staged by those seeking their fifteen minutes of fame.

Complaints, led by so-called civil rights ‘experts’ and groups, have focused on the passenger’s right to privacy.  The product of the full body scanner can hardly be considered detailed enough to display the physical attributes, fine or otherwise, of a passenger.  In fact, the image more closely resembles a negative – if the reader remembers the days of black and white photography – of an actor in a bodysuit portraying a hairless humanoid in a 1960s sci-fi movie or a blurry ‘bigfoot’ on the cover of the ever-trustworthy ‘news’ magazines found at local supermarket checkouts.

The scanning results are looked at by someone in a room without a view to the outside world.  The images are, as far as I know, not connected to any official documentation (passport or other government-issued paperwork) which identifies a particular individual.  It would seem very unlikely, too, that with hundreds or thousands of people passing through the scanner in a single work shift, the viewer has either the time or inclination to study the almost featureless outlines of passenger scans.

A trampling of one’s rights?  I hardly think so.  I am not, by trade, a lawyer but any study of the United States Constitution by me has so far failed to turn up a right to fly on a commercial aircraft.  I have had to pass through security at theme parks, museums and before attending sports events.  If one doesn’t like it, don’t go.  Why should commercial flying be any different?

Air piracy (hijacking) and, more recently, the desire to destroy airliners purely in an effort to kill as many people as possible, have led to the current security measures.  If someone has a problem with them, my suggestion is not to fly.  Walk, bike, drive or, if transoceanic travel is your ‘thing’, rent a rowboat.  None of these conveyances require scanners or pat-downs but they do offer plenty of time to ponder the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

If you want to lessen the pressure of security checks and keep the line moving, then as the motto of a well-known young lads’ organization goes, be prepared.

Minimize pocket contents, including cell phones, for swift transfer to the plastic inspection bins.  For guys with belts, remove it before you get to the security area.  If you can, remove your shoes ahead of time (see pocket contents).  The floors are most likely carpeted.  Be prepared to open your laptop case and, if required, camera bag.  Speak up if there is something the screener should know, i.e. known item or condition that may trigger an alarm.  Follow instructions.

Don’t clutter things up with a cup of coffee in hand.  You can get one later.  Don’t joke about terrorist activities and don’t abuse screeners or launch an on-scene constitutional challenge for you may very well end up with a one-way trip to a small room for a little chat.  That's when concern about your rights should really begin.

Friday, January 21, 2011

©: What Does It Mean?

Unless otherwise stated, all photos are by Philip A. Tachauer.  Public or commercial use is prohibited without prior written consent.  For the use of non-public domain photos from other sources, permission must first be sought from those sources.

Except for specific names, the above statements appear in similar form in virtually every publication today and the copyright symbol (©) is a familiar sight to most.

There has been much discussion in recent years on the subject of artistic creations, intellectual property and the rights of copyright holders.  If you are a photographer, musician, artist or author you understand the importance of the ongoing debate.

Most creations – artistic or utilitarian – don’t happen overnight.  At the very least, they usually require some sort of expenditure of time and/or effort.  Sometimes, as is the case with aviation photography, some cost was incurred to place the photographer in the spot from which the image was captured.  Therefore, those who own the copyright to images or other works, whether by virtue of creation or acquisition, also have the right to reproduce or allow the reproduction of the material and can require a fee for the commercial use of that material.

Aviation photographers are an interesting lot.  Back in the pre-digital camera days, the 1970s-1990s for this scribe, the vast majority were quite happy just to get their pics in print.  Books authored by enthusiasts were often illustrated with images from aircraft photographers who asked, in writing, only that credit be given.  The photographer’s name appeared with the photo or in the caption and all was well.

Sadly, like so many values from the past which, since the 1960s, seem to have been pushed aside, the idea of giving credit where credit is due would appear to be something of a foreign concept to today’s internet generation.

Copyright laws, which have some sort of recognition in over 160 countries, protect material on the internet just as they protect works in traditional media.  Images and web pages may be downloaded for personal use but cannot be reposted without, at the very least, permission from the creator(s) or copyright holder(s).

What does all of this mean to a PlanePixelBooks blog visitor like you?  Well, it means that if you see a photo that you like, or one which captures an aircraft of some significance to you, a relative or friend, and you want to download images off the blog for your own use, please don’t hesitate to do just that.  For other purposes, please contact me.

Tuesday, January 18, 2011

2011 - The Year of US Naval Aviation



It was on this date – 18 January – in 1911 that civilian pilot Eugene Ely landed a Curtiss Model D pusher biplane aboard the USS Pennsylvania.  Although he had also been the first to fly from a ship – the USS Birmingham during the previous November – it was the first demonstration that an airplane could, in theory, return to a ship underway at sea.

As military aircraft enthusiasts are no doubt aware, this year also marks 100 years of United States Navy aviation.  The Navy’s first airplane and pilot (later called Naval Aviator) took to the sky together in the summer of 1911 and since that time US naval aviation, mirroring the US Navy itself, has grown to be the most powerful such force in the world.  Indeed, the US Navy has held the lead in naval air and sea power for very nearly 70 years.

From the nation’s coasts to the skies above Afghanistan, US Navy aircrew and supporting personnel have played a role in all of the conflicts in which America has been involved since the first antisubmarine patrols and strategic bombing missions were flown during the First World War.  Very significant contributions have been made in the post-World War II period – the Korean War, the war in Southeast Asia, the 40-year Cold War and conflicts in Kuwait, Afghanistan and Iraq.

However, it was during the Second World War that US naval aviation personnel did their most important work in stopping the advance of Japanese forces in the Pacific in 1942 and in the eventual Allied victories over Germany and Japan – both dependent on control of the sea – to end that global conflagration in 1945.  The actions of US naval aircrew were particularly pivotal during the great air battles of the Pacific – the Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway, Battle of the Philippine Sea and Battle of Leyte Gulf.

When one thinks of naval aviation, the aircraft carrier comes to mind immediately.  The first such vessel was the USS Langley, a converted collier, and she entered service in 1922.  Biplanes gave way to monoplanes and by the time the United States entered World War II in December 1941, eight carriers had been commissioned.  It was during the Second World War that the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the premier weapon in America’s seaborne arsenal.  Though five of the prewar ships were lost to enemy action in 1942, some 30 more were commissioned by the end of 1945.  Added to these were no fewer than 78 smaller escort carriers.

The aircraft carrier continued to dominate the American naval scene in the post-World War II years as it does today.  Piston-engine fighters were replaced by the first generation of jets and multi-engine aircraft became common sights on flight decks.  The ships themselves grew in size and capability.  Power sources evolved.  The first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, was commissioned in 1961 and though oil-fired carriers continued to be built and operated, the last – USS Kitty Hawk – left active service only in 2009.

Today there are 11 aircraft carriers on the US Navy’s books and, along with a crew approaching 6,000 in number, each can accommodate a maximum of around 90 aircraft.  Embarked squadrons are tasked with all-weather airborne warning and control, air superiority, tactical and long-range attack, search and rescue, antisubmarine and electronic warfare missions.  A new class of carrier is on the horizon and the first, scheduled to be commissioned in 2015, will be the USS Gerald R. Ford.

Though the aircraft carrier is usually identified with US naval aviation, it must be remembered that aircraft have, since the earliest days, been flown from other classes of ships.  Large capital ships – battleships and cruisers – were equipped with observation floatplanes throughout the Second World War and today antisubmarine warfare helicopters are flown from the decks of the US Navy’s smaller warships.

Likewise, naval aircraft have also carried out activities, in peace and war, from land bases.  The service’s first combat missions were flown from airfields during World War I and long-range antisubmarine patrols were carried out during the Second World War.  Today shore-based squadrons provide antisubmarine warfare, intelligence gathering, search and rescue, logistics and VIP transport assets for naval air operations.

A well-earned Bravo Zulu goes to the men and women of US naval aviation, past and present.


Sunday, January 9, 2011

Welcome!

Welcome to the PlanePixelBooks blog!

This is something of a new adventure for someone whose elementary education was completed just before the first hand-held electronic calculators became publicly available.  The personal computer was still more than a decade away from mass production.  People were connected by written or typed letter and a 5¢ stamp while party lines were still popular with customers of the telephone companies.  But I digress.

This blog may very well be an adventure for the reader as well, at least in the initial stages while this type of communication is figured out.

In establishing this blog, enhanced by images previously unpublished, I hope that a lasting interest in aircraft and aviation, past and present, will also be promoted.

Thanks for visiting the PlanePixelBooks blog.  Your interest is certainly appreciated.

Drop by regularly for a look at interesting developments in the continuing, but never boring, story of aviation and, on occasion, my two cents worth of observations.

Thanks once again.